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Tomorrow I start teaching a class on composition and brushwork. In preparation I’m building an exercise based on Edgar Payne‘s Composition of Outdoor Painting. Thinking about each example has brought me back to the works of two brilliant designers, Édouard Manet and Wayne Thiebaud.

I don’t like using the same artist for each example. Instead, I try to mix it up, to demonstrate to my students that fundamental compositions have been used throughout history. Thiebaud was a celebrated modernist, but you can find Payne’s armatures in every one of Thiebaud’s paintings. Despite his pop art color and subjects, he rested everything on classical design.

Edgar Payne wrote his book more than eighty years ago, and it’s still the best composition book I’ve read.  You can see the images here, or you can learn to apply them in one of my painting classes or workshops.

Rookie error

Beginning painters think those armatures are about placing objects. Instead, they are always about value (light or dark), although that value sometimes takes the form of an object. There are times when objects and shadows mingle; for example, a large piñon and some small creosote bushes can combine with their shadows to form a dark triangular mass. But it’s always the weight of the darks and lights that holds a painting together, not the nominal subject matter.

Paintings compel not because of detail but with value. It’s not enough, for example, that an object runs at a diagonal; you must make a persuasive shift along that diagonal. This is the primary lesson of Winslow Homer’s incredible seascapes.

Composition rests on the following principles:

• The human eye responds first to shifts in value, and following that, in shifts in chroma and hue;
• We follow hard edges and lines;
• We filter out passages of soft edges and low contrast, and indeed we need them as interludes of rest;
• We like divisions of space that aren’t easily solved or regular.

Let’s talk about our feelings

Just as Payne distilled the basic structures of paintings into simple shapes, he also recognized that artists can use certain structures to provoke feelings. For example, clashing shapes provoke anxiety, while unbroken horizontal lines are fundamentally calm.

Music, sculpture, poetry, painting, and every other fine art form relies on internal, formal structure to be intelligible. This is easiest to see in music, where the beginner starts by learning chords and patterns. These patterns are (in western music, anyway) universal, and they’re learned long before the student starts writing complex musical compositions.

Music is an abstract art because it’s all about tonal relationships, with very little realism needed to make us understand the theme. A composer doesn’t need little bird sounds to tell us he’s writing about spring. Likewise, the painter doesn’t need to festoon little birdies on his canvas to tell us he’s painting about spring. That should already be apparent in the light, structure and tone of his work.

The strength of the painting is laid down before the artist first applies paint, in the form of a structural idea-a sketch or series of sketches that work out a plan for the painting.

All good painting rests on good abstract design. Still, most realist painters don’t spend nearly enough time considering abstract design, even when they understand the critical importance of line and value. Andrew Wyeth’s Christina’s World doesn’t rely much on hue or chroma for its impact. It’s a washed-out pink, a lot of dull greens and golds, and a significant amount of grey. And yet it was the most successful figurative painting of the 20^th century, because it sublimated everything to a simple armature—Payne’s ‘three-spot’.

Reserve your spot now for a workshop in 2025:

• Advanced Plein Air Painting, Rockport, ME, July 7-11, 2025.
• Sea and Sky at Acadia National Park, August 3-8, 2025.
• Find Your Authentic Voice in Plein Air, Berkshires, MA, August 11-15, 2025.
• Immersive In-Person Fall Workshop, Rockport, ME, October 6-10, 2025.

Until her extreme old age, my Italian grandmother lived in Irish South Buffalo. We lived 38 miles north, but went to see her each week. The most important pilgrimage of our year was on Christmas Eve. You wouldn’t have dared skip it even if you wanted to.

A holiday that spans nearly fifty years ends up with a mishmash of traditions. My grandmother, who didn’t drink, once sent my aunt to the corner liquor store for a bottle of Old Overholt rye whiskey. It reappeared every holiday. My uncles and father, who did drink, instead quaffed Southern Comfort Manhattans until they were squiffy. It probably helped them tolerate the caterwauling of our Christmas play. I never got to be Mary; I have too many girl cousins.  However, I could racket along the high notes on “Oh, Holy Night.” That was the sweetest revenge of all.

In my childhood, my grandmother served baccalà and anchovy crispelles because Christmas Eve is a fast day for Catholics. There were also ham and Brussels sprouts because this was America. We had struffoli and cut-out cookies and a birthday cake for an aunt. Later, when our family grew to outsize proportions that was replaced with lasagna because you can make it in advance.

My mother and aunt confessed they hated the smell of frying fish. “Nobody likes baccalà anyway,” my mother said. Well, I did, so I took over frying. It always disappeared. My own children now make it, but it’s one of the few things I still remember how to cook.

Late December is peak season for Buffalo’s notorious lake-effect snow, and the south half of Buffalo is where the winds sweeping off Lake Erie usually concentrate their fury. It was a mayor from South Buffalo, who in the teeth of a blizzard told us to, “go home, buy a six pack of beer, and watch a good football game.” (That meant any team other than the Bills, who were 2-14 that year.) One year, it blizzarded so badly that my then-new husband and I struggled to make the ten blocks from our apartment to Grandma’s house; another, we plowed our way down the Thruway to Rochester with snow over the bumper of our minivan. I miss that kind of weather.

That was before downstate governors started closing the upstate Thruway in bad weather; it was just assumed that drivers knew their own limits. Anyways, Americans back then had big families, and we kids were packed together in our snowsuits in the backs of station wagons. I don’t think we could have frozen, although the question never came up.

Inevitably, we were late for Christmas dinner. When we arrived, our snow clothes were piled in a mountain on my grandmother’s bed. One year, my infant cousin slept peacefully underneath them before my aunt remembered where she’d left her.

Because my extended family was devoutly Catholic (we were not), the party broke up in time for Midnight Mass. Back then, you could buy milk from streetside vending machines in South Buffalo. There was one on South Park Avenue, casting a solitary glow on the silent soft snow. My mother saved her quarters for this last Christmas Eve stop. We then headed home through the deserted streets, windshield wipers and flying snow lulling us to sleep.

Later, I rejected my unchurched childhood and started going to midnight services myself. My grandmother grew too feeble to stay in her own home. Eventually, as is the way with all of us, she and most of her children passed on. My cousins and I are grandparents now. My own kids are busy on Christmas with families of their own. I’ll see them later this week.

Wherever you are, whatever your traditions, may this be the most magical of holidays for you.

Reserve your spot now for a workshop in 2025:

• Advanced Plein Air Painting, Rockport, ME, July 7-11, 2025.
• Sea and Sky at Acadia National Park, August 3-8, 2025.
• Find Your Authentic Voice in Plein Air, Berkshires, MA, August 11-15, 2025.
• Immersive In-Person Fall Workshop, Rockport, ME, October 6-10, 2025.